三手烟会附着在接触到的任何物体上,且随着时间的推移而累积,可以渗入到地板和墙壁中,很难清除和清洁。此外,吸附在物体表面的三手烟还会重新散发到空气中,与氧化剂反应和其他化合物产生二次污染物。有研究表明,烟草烟气中残留的尼古丁会与环境中的一氧化二氮发生反应,形成致癌的烟草特异性亚硝胺。
二手烟、三手烟的危害有多大?
很多人认为,只要不在家人面前吸烟就不会对家人身体造成影响,但这种观点是错误的。相关研究指出,吸烟的父母就算不在他们的婴儿面前吸烟,却仍然从婴儿尿液中验出尼古丁的代谢物可丁宁,其含量是一般婴儿的5.58倍。
吸二手烟、三手烟的危害,可能比吸烟者还大!这是因为香烟点燃后外冒的烟与吸入的烟相比,一些致癌物质的含量更高,如一氧化碳含量高5倍,焦油和尼古丁高3倍,苯高4倍,氨高46倍,亚硝胺高50倍,这些物质被不吸烟者经鼻吸入呼吸道后,一样可损害气管上皮细胞,诱发癌变。
对女性来说,长期暴露在二手烟下可导致容颜早衰、月经紊乱、雌激素低下、骨质疏松,严重的还将引发宫颈癌、子宫癌等疾病。
儿童更易受到三手烟的危害,他们成天爬来爬去,嬉戏玩耍,经常接触到被污染的表面。由于婴幼儿和儿童体重相对成人低,免疫系统较脆弱,吸入这些有害物质后,最直接的后果就是引起婴幼儿的呼吸系统问题,如急性支气管炎、哮喘等。另外,环境中的烟草残留物,也可对儿童的神经系统、呼吸系统、循环系统等造成不小的危害。
图源:摄图网
如何尽量减少二手烟、三手烟的伤害?
如果无法避免经常暴露在二手烟或三手烟的环境中,可以通过以下几点措施,尽量减少二手烟、三手烟对自己的伤害。
开窗通风。在室内即使只吸一支烟,也需要开窗通风16个小时以上,才能使PM2.5浓度恢复之前的水平。除了开窗通风,室内还可以适当摆放绿植,必要时可使用空气净化器。
及时清洗衣物。若身边有人吸烟,不要在吸过烟的环境中长期停留,回家后应更换衣服且洗澡。及时更换可能存在三手烟的物品如衣物、窗帘、地毯、床上用品等,并且避免在室内留放吸烟用品。
多吃水果蔬菜。多吃富含胡萝卜素及维生素C的新鲜蔬果,适当喝些绿茶,这些食物有助于清除烟进入人体后产生的自由基,减少伤害。
远离吸烟者。在室外尽量少在吸烟场所逗留,尤其是婴幼儿、青少年及体弱多病者等特殊人群。外出旅游时,尽量选择待在无烟区。乘车时,选择无烟车厢;住酒店时,选择无烟的房间。
劝他人戒烟。如果避无可避,要对吸烟者果断说“不”,让他不要在公共场所吸烟。
癌症是多个因素综合作用的结果,吸烟只是其中的一个重要因素,但这是最重要的一个因素,又是一个绝对可以控制的因素,为爱人,为子女,为了身边的人,为了健康,戒烟吧!
来源:科技日报、中国疾病预防控制中心、生命时报、人民日报、科普熊猫、广东卫生信息
整理:刘雪洁
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |